Impact of corporate social responsibility - Free Essay Example

Summary The objective of this research is to study the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on financial performance. The trend of CSR addresses a major challenge in providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also social, human and ecological through an operationalization and verification of the theoretical model proposed in a sample of Tunisian firms, evidenced by a questionnaire sent to 30 companies Tunisian drawn. The results are the lack of link between CSR and financial performance measured by the accounting ROA, while there is a positive if financial performance is measured by ROE.. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility of Firms, Financial Performance, Rsum Lobjectif de cette recherche est dtudier limpact de la Responsabilit Socitale de lEntreprise (RSE) sur la performance financire. La RSE rpond un enjeu majeur, en proposant une reprsentation largie de lenvironnement des firmes, entendu non seulement dans ses dimensions conomiques et financires, mais aussi sociales, humaines et cologiques. A travers, une oprationnalisation et une vrification du modle thorique propos, au niveau dun chantillon dentreprises tunisiennes, matrialis, par un questionnaire adress 30 entreprises tunisiennes tir au sort. Les rsultats obtenus relvent labsence de lien entre la RSE et la performance financire mesure par lindicateur comptable ROA, alors quil existe un lien positif si la performance financire est mesure par lROE. Mots cls: Responsabilit Socitale de lEntreprise, Performance Financire 1- INTRODUCTION In the 1850s, the role of the company was seen as a purely economic, and bounded to the maximization of profit for shareholders. In this regard, such an approach is consistent with a classical view of the firm where management essentially concerns managers and shareholders (Friedman, 1970). Further, the company was faced increased pressure from its stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). In this regard; it should take into account the effects of its activities in the communities where it operates. This brings her back to reconsider its relations with its stakeholders and to reconcile the often conflicting objectives of various interest groups. The idea of social responsibility of business now (CSR) responds to this challenge by providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also social, human and ecological. Any company that wants to ensure its sustainability, an imperative for financial performance, but also should not ignore or largely ignore the societal benefit that is to say, to engage in a societal approach. The objective of this research is twofold , first to study the impact of CSR on financial performance. Second in a more explicit, we wish to study in the target companies in our survey, the degree of perception of the concept of social responsibility through five dimensions namely: economic, legal, ethical, discretionary, and environmental. In this part, our problem is as follows; What is the impact of social responsibility of corporate financial performance? 2. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COMPANY (CSR): TOWARDS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW CONCEPT Being responsible is to ensure their actions and their consequences and to accept accountability. But when this term is applied to the company, it is a concept that can be understood in different ways. Nowadays, the definition and delimitation of the concept of social responsibility still the subject of controversy and conceptual differences. So, social responsibility has been the subject of increased attention by many organizations of diverse nature, the European and global institutions, professional associations and business networks, Its emergence is born with Bowen (1953) who scored in the first initiative CSR refers to the requirement for businessmen to carry out the policies, decisions and follow the guidelines spreading objectives and values that are considered desirable in our society. Subsequently, MC Guire (1963) argues in his work that the idea of social responsibility implies that the firm has not only economic or legal obligations but also has responsibilities to society that go beyond these obligations . Then, Davis (1973) emphasizes that CSR refers to the consideration by the business issues that go beyond its economic obligations and the technical equal and close to the answers that gives these companies problems. This means that CSR begins where law ends. For Carroll (1979) CSR integrates all economic expectations, legal, ethical and philanthropic society may have in respect of a company at a time. While Jones (1980) stresses the idea that companies, by then the statutory or contractual obligation to have a societal actors. Similarly, Wood (1991) anchors his discussion on the meaning of the liability can be seen that through the interplay of three principles: legitimacy, public responsibility and distinction of three levels of institutional analysis, organizational and individual. In reality, these definitions are generally content to highlight the discretionary nature of CSR, highlighting the fact that it recognized the dimensions beyond the purely economic or legal activity of the company. What brought Carroll (1979) distinguish four categories of CSR: The economic responsibility The legal liability, Responsibility Ethics Responsibility discretion. 2.1 Approaches to CSR measures Measuring CSR is a necessary condition for knowledge of their own social responsibility and thus to control environmental and social impacts. Assessing the social and environmental performance, the establishment of a steering system for the performance and accountability on these external dimensions imply the existence of metrics to assess the quality of management of the business related non-financial. In fact, the existence of these metrics is also of particular importance to other stakeholders that ethical investors who require such information to select the best performing companies on the main criteria the quality of resource management Human and respect for human rights. This leads companies to establish a legal and socio-technical infrastructure to make measurable CSR stakeholders. In theoretical terms, the extent of CSR faces similar problems to those identified to define the concept of CSR: the multiplicity of approaches and dimensions of this complex concept, difficult to r eport objectively its components more subjective often linked to an assessment based on criteria related to ethics or a social context. 2.1.1 Measuring CSR in the academic literature Among the different methods of measurement of CSR that have been used, we can distinguish five categories: Measures of speech, such as content analysis of annual reports, which are to be based on remarks made by companies to assess their CSR, for example by counting the number of lines or words dedicated to themes CSR in the annual report of a company; Indicators of pollution provided by some agencies to assess the pollution of businesses, such as the Toxic Release Inventory in the U.S., or for example measurements of the diffusion of CO2 by businesses; Measures of attitudes and values aimed at assessing the sensitivity of members of the organization (eg managers, employees) to the various dimensions of CSR and are generally administered in the form of a questionnaire; Measures of reputation, such as the indicator of reputation developed by Markowitz in the 1970s in the American magazine Fortune, which includes criteria related to CSR that are assessed by a panel of industry experts to which operates within the enterprise in question; The behavioral measures or audit, developed by the agencies that specialize in the assessment of social behavior and environmental responsibility, such as the U.S. KLD, EIRIS in Britain or in France Vigeo. 3. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: DEFINITION Performance is tried to rely on market efficiency that ensures the best allocation of resources and rejects any notion of corporate responsibility other than making profit for its shareholders. As a design performance based on an external view (the current shareholders and potential), often linked to the stock exchange during the action of the company. The performance measures are thus based on data from financial statements. The control and management are geared towards the minimization of costs and return on investment. It is a large building which includes questions on the financial performance within the organization. For a financial indicator, the financial performance of the organization is measured by its financial validity, such as accessibility to different sources of funding or its profitability compared to its investments, its assets or its equity. 2.1 MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE According to empirical studies, accounting measures provide most of the time positive correlations between CSR and financial performance. (Cochran and Wood, 1994; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Preston and O Bannon, 1997; Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001; Rufetal, 2001). In addition, these measures from the accounts have the advantage of providing a more relevant measure of economic performance of the company and predict a more reliable the possible link between CSR and financial performance. On the other hand, the stock market measures have the advantage of being less prone to managerial manipulation. Especially since they represent scores of investors on the business ability to generate economic benefits (Mc Guire et al, 1988). However, these variables are evaluated specific investor and does not allow to reveal the economic reality of the business (Ullmann, 1985), the results that emerge from studies using measures such as stock market are mi xed, Markovitz, (1972) found a positive relationship, Vance (1975) proves otherwise, and Buchotz Alexander (1978) found a weak correlation or no. Griffin and Mahon (1997) stress that results from market-related measures are mostly negative and called for greater use of accounting measures. To better understand the financial performance and provide a more comprehensive or less of the latter, further research incorporating both measures at a time (Mc Guire, et al, 1988; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001 ; Seifert; Maurras and Barktkus, 2003, 2004). 4. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 4.1 CSR and financial performance: theoretical approaches 4.1.1 The existence of a relationship between CSR and financial performance The theoretical approaches to corporate social responsibility are essentially based on the current contract philosophers and sociological neo-institutionalism. They particularly questioned the compatibility between market logic and the goal of maximum profit that underpin the economic rationale of the business and societal concerns such as sustainable development, intergenerational equity, the general interest which are purposes prior to appearing foreign or contrary to the entrepreneurial logic. In other words, the exercise of social responsibility of business is it an impossible synthesis between the collective demands long-term expectations and short-term private? The theoretical basis is between two opposite poles: on one side, the neoclassical theories, based on market efficiency, reject any idea of social responsibility of business other than making profit for its shareholders (Friedman, 1970). On the other, theories that mobilize a teleological principle and argue that there i s a moral responsibility of policy makers towards future generations and a large number of societal problems. However, the only approach moralistic-ethical is not sufficient to illuminate the strategic behavior of firms in the societal area because it does not understand the motivations of corporate behavior. In this approach, stakeholders influence policy decisions of leaders and they are accountable to them about how they took into account their expectations. 4.2 The stakeholder theory From the 1980s, the theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) is gradually accepted as a framework to further specify the groups vis--vis what the enterprise is (or should exercise) its societal responsibilities. The work of Freeman (1984) popularized this theory by proposing to define as stakeholder all persons or groups who are likely to affect and / or be affected by the conduct of the strategy of undertaking. The theory of stakeholder theory is now the most frequently mobilized both by researchers as actors in the business. She entered the company at the heart of a set of relationships with partners who are not only shareholders (Shareholders), but players interested in or affected by the activities and business decisions. The stakeholder theory is not exempt from a normative vision and ethics but it seeks to integrate economic goals: it states that cooperation contracts establish trust between the firm and its stakeholders and provides a competitive advantage the company. One might wonder whether the inclusion of stakeholder expectations is not rather the result of traditional rules of management that the outcome of a deliberative process of integrating moral principles. Despite its omnipresence in all the literature on corporate social responsibility, this theory remains ambiguous about its theoretical basis and presents a number of limitations. On the one hand, it is part of a relational representation of the organization based on fair contracts that involve conflicts of interest may be resolved by ensuring a maximization of the interests of each group. On the other hand, it would be unrealistic to consider a comprehensive consideration of all potential stakeholders. The rationality of leaders is necessarily limited by the urgency of the problems, pressures and information systems available to them that they decided to put in place. A first theoretical approach suggests that the company is more successful socially; it is more efficient economically and financially. Instead, the company will be more economically efficient and less it will be socially. Finally, beyond these two extreme views, it is possible to consider the assumptions of positive and negative synergy that cross the different conceptual foundations. With these assumptions also added a generic assumption of neutrality of interactions: Gond, 2001) and assuming a more complex relationship. 5. CSR and financial performance: Many theoretical explanations The theoretical explanations to clarify the nature of the relationship between societal and financial performance are numerous. They can be organized into three distinct categories: explanations postulating the existence of linear relationships between these two constructs, explanations suggesting no link between the two constructs, and finally explanations assume the existence of nonlinear relationships between these two variables. 5.1 The models suggest a positive link between CSR and performance Two theoretical models support the idea of a positive impact of CSR on financial performance (Social Impact Hypothesis) and the assumption of funds available as excess resources available to discretionary managers or Organizational Slack (Available Fund Hypothesis). According to the hypothesis of positive social impact, companies with a high level of CSR demonstrate their ability to master the implicit costs and negative externalities of the organization and report to stakeholders and the quality of their management. The theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) that establishes the hypothesis of the influence of social practices, has created a vast literature on the interaction between CSR and firm performance (Freeman, 1984, Cornell and Shapiro, 1987; Ullmann, 1985, Clarkson 1995, Donaldson and Preston, 1995): Satisfaction with the business objectives of stakeholders promotes the improvement of economic and financial performance (Freeman, 1984). The second model, that of Organizational Slack addresses the link between social performance and economic performance by proposing the idea that this is not the social responsibility that is the condition for obtaining a high level financial performance but, instead, the level of financial performance which allows the company to engage in socially responsible actions. Mc Guire et al, (1988) reported that financial performance could improve the level of social performance and their work has been partially confirmed those by Preston et al, (1991). The profitability of the business differential is then a condition of social behavior; Kraft and Hadges (1990) have shown that excess resources and the attitude of managers towards society strongly influence the level of responsibility social enterprises. 5.2 The models suggest a negative relationship between CSR and financial performance Unlike the two previous models, others say that companies realize the best social performance are also those with the worst economic performance and vice versa in this spirit, a negative relationship between societal performance and financial performance dominates. The literature suggests two models that assume a negative relationship between CSR and performance, distinguished by the nature of causality assumed. The first model Trade-Off Hypothesis or assumptions arbitration assumes that the inclusion of corporate social responsibility involves additional financial costs resulting therefore a competitive disadvantage (Friedman, 1962, 1970). In this perspective, any move away from socially responsible leaders of their goal of maximizing profits (Aupperle, Carroll and Hatzfeld, 1985). Drucker (1984, p.58) states that making a profit is fundamentally incompatible with the social responsibility of business 5.3 The models suggest a positive or negative synergy The typology developed by Preston and OBannon (1997) suggests two hypotheses that are based on different theoretical approaches outlined above. Indeed, in the context of a comprehensive model explaining it is possible to envisage a virtuous circle (positive synergy): a high level of social performance leads to improved financial performance that provides the opportunity to reinvest in social actions responsible (Waddock and Graves, 1997). In contrast, a low level of societal performance led to a decline in financial performance limits, therefore, socially responsible investment (negative synergy). 5.4 The models suggest a missing link The conceptual contributions of Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) lead Gond (2001) to complete the typology of Preston and O Bannon (1997) by formulating the hypothesis of no link between the two dimensions. Indeed, Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) propose a model of supply and demand for social responsibility that helps explain the lack of consensus results obtained by empirical academic studies. According to them, there is a supply and demand for social responsibility, in a standard micro, who led each of them to invest socially to meet the demand of stakeholders. Market equilibrium cancels costs and profits generated by successively supply of social responsibility. This approach leads to a hypothesis of neutrality of interactions between social performance and financial performance. 5.5 The models suggest a more complex relationship The results obtained by Bowman and Haire (1975) led Moore (2001) also refine the typology of Preston and OBannon (1997) and the hypothesis of positive relationship between more complex two-dimensional. Indeed, Bowman and Haire (1975) but also, more recently, Barnett and Salomon (2003) showed a non-linear U-shaped inverted between social performance and financial performance, indicating an optimum level beyond which socially responsible investment longer improves financial performance. The multiplicity of theoretical hypotheses advanced to explain the nature of interactions between CSR and financial performance has led to develop empirical tests to define the conditions of validity of the various mechanisms invoked.. 6. CSR and financial performance: empirical approaches Clarification of the economic impact of CSR has always been a major concern in the field of study on the relationship between business and society. It is therefore not surprising that empirical work on this issue have been very numerous, there were in 2007 more than 160 empirical studies on the subject. This work focused on the nature of interactions between the firms ability to achieve a high level of CSR and financial performance by studying the interactions between on the one hand, social performance (or societal) Company (CSR) and, secondly, its financial performance (FP). These interactions have been studied mainly through two levels of analysis we will present successively: Many publications over the last twenty years have highlighted the link between social responsibility and financial performance of the company. But these studies show conflicting results do not establish clearly the existence of a positive or negative relationship between social responsibility and financial firms (Preston and OBannon, 1997; Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Mac Williams and Siegel , 2001, Margolis and Walsh, 2002). The lack of theoretical foundation and conceptual studies, lack of uniformity in evaluation of social responsibility and financial and methodological shortcomings found explain the poor results obtained. Studies most recent research (Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Roman Hayibor and Agle, 1999, Margolis and Walsh, 2003) found a slight advantage for the detection of positive links between societal performance and financial performance . The synthesis of the literature identifies 122 studies published between 1971 and 2001 with an accelerating pace of recently published (35 studies between 1997 and 2001) and far (2007) on more than 160 empirical studies on this subject, but also this research were sometimes biased in the direction of the illumination of a positive relationship. For example, the 122 education fifty and claim a positive association between social responsibility and financial performance twenty get mixed results, twenty seven indicate no ties and seven observed a negative relationship. 6.1 The hypothesis of impact-social Social Impact Hypothesis According to (Freeman 1984, Donaldson and Preston, 1995), stakeholder theory has explained the origin of the favorable influence social behavior on financial performance. Indeed, CSR is an indicator of the ability of business to effectively meet the demands of various stakeholders. This has consequently regained their confidence and thus improve profitability (Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998). Waddock and Graves (1997) speak of Good Management Theory that there is a high correlation between good management practice and CSR, simply because an improvement in social activity entails a special relationship with Key Stakeholders Groups (Freeman, 1984), implying more performance. In addition, a review of empirical literature confirms a positive relationship between the two components (Mc Guire et al, 1988; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Preston and OBannon, 1997; Verschoor, 1998, Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998; Mc Williams and Siegel, 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001, Orlitsky, 2001; Kohers an d Simpson, 2002). Allouche and Laroche (2005) identified 82 research, 75 of them have found a positive link, while Margolis and Walsh (2003) who counted 54 out of 127 studies confirming the positive relationship. Hence our first hypothesis H1: Social responsibility has a positive impact on financial performance. 6.2 The Trade-Off Hypothesis This hypothesis refers to the classical theory of Friedman (1962, 1970) that CSR is an investment that increases costs and takes place at the expense of financial performance. For example a decision to invest in equipment acquisition environmentally friendly while other competitors do not, can generate a competitive disadvantage. Hence the reduction in profitability which may cause discontent among shareholders. This finding was also confirmed by Aupperle et al, (1985), the authors conclude that social activities such as donation to charity, environmental protection and community development dissipate more resources and generate additional costs, which disadvantages the company against its competitors less engaged in social actions. Searches return the negative relationship to abnormalities in particular methodological tools to measure financial performance. The negative association is due to the use of market variables as a measure of financial performance (Griffin and Mahon, 1997). In reality, the number of studies that lead to a negative relationship is very small, Margolis and Walsh (2003) identify 127 studies dealing with the subject in question, and they found that only 8 of them expect a negative correlation between the two dimensions. of where our second hypothesis H2: The social responsibility has a negative impact on financial performance. 6.3 The lack of connection between the two dimensions Some authors suggest that CSR and financial performance are both built entirely separate. Ullmann (1995) emphasizes that the link from a pure coincidence. The correlation is generated, according to the author, by intervening variables that occur in an unpredictable manner and that link the two constructs. Meanwhile, Waddock and Graves (1997) show that the methodological problems in operationalizing CSR tend to obscure the link. A multitude of empirical studies have provided no link between the two dimensions (Aupperle et al, 1985; Fogler and Nutt, 1975; Abbot and Monsen, 1979, Freedman and Jaggi, 1986; ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey 1989; Seifert, Maris and Barkus, 2004, Graves and Waddock, 1999). Others state that the link is weak or nonexistent (Alexander and Bchholz 1978, Cochran and Wood, 1984; Krauz and Pava, 1996; Berman et al, 1999; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Seifert and Morris Barktkus , 2003). Griffin and Mahon (1997), Balaban, Hugh and Jonathan (1998) found that the results are inconclusive: the variables selected do not distinguish between successful firms and inefficient firms. In this context, our third hypothesis H3: There is no link between social responsibility and financial performance. 7. CSR and financial performance: The effect of control variables Research has shown that the relationship between CSR and financial performance is not absolute, it must take into account the weight of the elements of each company (Ullmann, 1985; Waddock and Graves, 1997) and are likely to moderate the relationship between the two constructs. These characteristics are operationalized as control variables. 7.1 The effect risk The risk is variable, with several studies in different contexts have shown that it controls the relationship between the two dimensions. The argument assumes the risk that companies have a low risk to commit advantage in social activities, and vice versa. Companies with low risk have a stable performance model, and therefore, this situation seems very conducive to investment in social activities (Roberts, 1992). Aupperle et al, (1985) postulate that firms more socially responsible are identified as being better managed and risks are minimal. This finding is especially approved by the study of Mc Guire et al, (1988); ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey (1989), Waddock and Graves (1997), Graves and Waddock (1999). In contrast, Aupperle et al, (1985) found a correlation, positive correlation between CSR and risk accounting, and negative but not significant between CSR and market risk. 7.2 The effect size The argument for the size stipulated that organizations undertake major advantage in social actions; small organizations do not give importance to social activity (Waddock and Graves, 1997). Burke et al, (1986) argue that companies, as and as they grow, give more attention to external factors and better meet the demands of stakeholders, Stanwick and Stanwick (1998) found that size, measured by the volume of sales and total assets is positively related to CSR. Mc Guire et al (1988) find a positive but not significant between CSR and the size measured by total assets. 7.3 The effect sector The sector as designed in the literature is a moderating effect of CSR and PF relationship, eg the extent of the consideration of environmental responsibility by a chemical company is not the same a financial institution. A plurality of researchers took into account the control variable as in include: Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, McWilliams and Siegel 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001; Seifer, Morris and Barktkus, 2003.2004. 8. theoretical model 9. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH The objective of empirical research is to empirically test our research hypotheses and the theoretical model proposed. In order to test the validity of our assumptions on a sample drawn from all Tunisian companies, we proceeded by two steps the first is to measure the perception of Tunisian companies to the concept of CSR and then study the impact of this latest financial performance. Through our research, we chose the method of direct interview, and for several reasons, we conduct a field investigation, by adopting the technique of direct investigation on the basis of a questionnaire. The survey covered a sample of 30 Tunisian companies selected from different sectors. 9.1 The scale of measurement of CSR predictor For measurement of CSR, we will adopt that developed by Maignan et al (1999), which forms part of the work on measuring social performance. This scale operationalizes the concept of social performance by measuring the dimensions of the construct. In fact, two major scales have been developed in this perspective: The oldest is that of Aupperle, Carroll and Hatfield (1985) measuring the orientation of managers towards social responsibility, the latest and most complete is that of organizational citizenship Maignan et al. (1999), reused by Maignan and Ferrell (2001). These two instruments take over the traditional classification in four types of social responsibilities of Carroll (1979): economic, legal, ethical and discretionary or philanthropic organizations that are a reflection of society see the company actively engaged in its local environment and / or global defense of social causes and public interest. Regarding the scale of Aupperle et al (1985), it is intended to measure only the views of leaders on the relative importance of each of the four dimensions of social responsibility of business. While the scale of Maignan et al. (1999) is designed to gather perceptions of the social performance of the business stakeholders throughout the company (Maignan and Ferrell, 2001). Indeed, the scale was constructed from academic studies describing activities commonly accepted as citizens by the three main stakeholders ie employees, customers, stakeholders public. These authors manage this work, mainly to executives (Maignan et al 1999, Maignan and Ferrell, 2001) to have completed the questionnaire as relevant as the leaders and general information about the company cutting. Hence, our questionnaire has five dimensions are those of Carroll (1979), added an environmental dimension whose items are inspired by the Global Compact (1999). This choice is argued by the importance it attaches to the environment today, and the pressures that companies face to reflect the impact of its activities on the environment in which it operates, it is relevant namely the impact of the inclusion of the natural environment on the financial performance of Tunisian firms. 9.2 The measure of financial performance: variable to explain The various empirical studies testing the relationship between CSR and financial performance have opted for the latter measure, accounting measures, or measures for stock market listed companies or both sets. In our case we use accounting measures that our sample consists of companies listed and unlisted. The measures derived from accounting are: 9.2.1 The performance of assets ROA Means various researchers who have opted for this measure are: Aupperle et al. 1985 Mc Guire et al. 1988; ONeil Sunders and Mc Carthey 1989, Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Preston and OBannon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999; Seifert, Morris and Barktkus 2003, Simpson and Kohers, 2002, Berman et al, 1999. ROA = Net income / Total assets 9.2.2 The returns on equity ROE Bowman and Haire, 1975; Pava and Krausz, 1996; Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Seifert, Morris and Barktkus 2003; Verschoor, 1998; Balabanis, Hught and Jonathan 1998, Ruf et al, 2001; Preston and OBannon, 1997. The financial data used are those from 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. ROE = Net income / Equity 9.3 Control variables We took into account three variables that can affect controls that are either CSR or financial performance, which are the effect size, effect and risk effect industry. The size is measured by the logarithm of total assets (Seifert, Morris and Barktkus, 2004; Kohers and Simpson, 2002, Johnson and Greening 1999). Risk is measured by the debt ratio as suggested by Waddock and Graves (1997) and Ullman (1985). Ratios of debt = Total Debt / Equity The sector is taken as a moderator variable (Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999, Balaban, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Mc Williams and Siegle, 2000; Moore, 2001; Ruf et al, 2001; Seifer, Morris and Barktkus, 2003, 2004). 10. Check the measurement model of CSR We present in what follows the procedures we use to verify the reliability and validity of the scale of measurement of CSR. The analysis was performed using the software for data analysis SPSS13.0. Various steps must be taken to ensure that the analysis is properly conducted. We begin by submitting the scale factor analysis. In terms of characteristics, we have selected the initial structure in the Statistical Area and weightings, significance levels and index KMO and Bartletts test in the correlation matrix. The KMO test used to quantify the degree of correlation between variables and the appropriateness of factor analysis. This indicator is between 0 and 1. The test of sphericity of Bartlett (1954) tests the hypothesis of no correlation in the correlation matrix. This test must be significant that the data are factorization (p

How to Write a College Essay on Alalizing a Poem

The most effective method to Write a College Essay on Alalizing a PoemWriting a school exposition on investigating a sonnet can be a troublesome undertaking in the event that you have never endeavored it. This is on the grounds that a ton of understudies will in general need to utilize these sorts of things as a methods for communicating, yet they don't know about the way that they shouldn't compose anything. In any case, this should be possible. Truth be told, on the off chance that you simply put a tad of exertion into it, you will have the option to finish this article successfully.Firstly, it is significant that you realize what is a worthy bit of verse and what isn't. This ought to be something that you should gain from your instructors at school, yet in addition from different understudies. A great many people will in general partner verse with affection and sentiment, however verse is frequently utilized in various manners. It can likewise be utilized to communicate certain fe elings, for example, misery or outrage. Along these lines, so as to have the option to compose an article on examining a sonnet, you have to comprehend what is a decent bit of verse, and what is not.Secondly, you should recall that when composing an exposition on breaking down a sonnet, you should be a specialist on the theme. As it were, you shouldn't simply cull a sonnet from the word reference and attempt to utilize it as a methods for communicating. You should consider the sonnet appropriately so as to see how the artist utilizes their style.The final product of this sort of exposition ought to be that the understudy improves as an essayist. The point here is that, by having the option to communicate better, he improves as an essayist, and this is what is needed. The more he can communicate, the more well known he will become.Finally, you ought to consistently ensure that the great sonnet is utilized. On the off chance that you attempt to utilize others' sonnets, you will be vie wed as poor structure and ought to be maintained a strategic distance from. The sonnet is significant on the grounds that it causes the understudy to comprehend the various manners by which sonnets are composed. At the point when this occurs, the understudy will have the option to show his capacity in the future.Writing a school article on breaking down a sonnet should be possible in the event that you know the essentials. Keep in mind, this isn't something that you ought to do coolly. You have to invest a ton of energy into it and you should attempt to make an expert looking essay.In request to compose a school article on investigating a sonnet, you should recall that it must be a paper. Furthermore, you ought to do it as indicated by the standards set out by your school. There is no reason for attempting to utilize some different option from the guidelines set out by your school.Last yet not least, it is significant that you likewise get a decent sonnet to utilize. You ought to re call that the sonnet that you use ought to be something that you like, and it ought to speak to the kind of individual that you are. All things considered, if the understudy doesn't care for the sonnet, there is no reason for composing it, and the understudy won't have the option to keep in touch with one.

Startling Facts Regarding Fsu College Essay Samples Unveiled

<h1> Startling Facts Regarding Fsu College Essay Samples Unveiled</h1> <p>Individual schools in some cases need supplemental articles. It isn't just about the point an understudy decides to compose on, yet rather, how they expound on doing it. It's significant the understudy has the ability to build up a proposal explanation that is fitting with their goals. The understudy should be in a spot to share their qualities and dreams they try to accomplish when they get the chance to get in the school in the conversation. </p> <p>In expansion, there are some who think they are fit competitors and are ensured to have a spot for enlistment. A school application article is a considerable methods for letting the board learn all the more concerning the understudy. Building up a spectacular school exposition may lose its motivation in the occasion the substance of what you've composed isn't what the college is requesting. </p> <p>The length of your exposition isn't what colleges begin searching for. Clarify your responsibilities, and you will be the sort of understudy universities find tremendously appealing. Disclose why you wish to go to that particular organization. </p> <h2>The 5-Minute Rule for Fsu College Essay Samples </h2> <p>The best areas to discover the sources are from institutional locales. Maybe you are hesitant to discover help since you were once conned by methods for a trick on-line help. The example must be transferred online by methods for a hyperlink. Composing tests should be in standard 12pt. </p> <h2> Facts, Fiction and Fsu College Essay Samples </h2> <p>There are loads of answers for your paper composing needs on the web yet some are obviously superior to other people. Get your inventive energies pumping by conceptualizing all the potential thoughts you can envision to handle your paper question. When you own a subject, it's idea l to make a diagram of thoughts. To achieve this, conceptualize on themes which you are enthusiastic about. </p> <p>Now, utilizing an example school article isn't precisely the same as unoriginality. In addition to the fact that you will be in a situation to effectively find the data which you've been looking, you can even get a smart thought of the manner by which a decent scoring paper takes after. By doing that the understudy remains consistent with the absolute first passage in provide an unmistakable guidance all through the entire essay.</p> <p>The MLA decide book expresses that the passages should begin with leaving a half-inch space toward the beginning. In the event that you disregard to hold fast to the extremely straightforward MLA (Modern Language Association) directions on how best to arrange your expositions, the inspectors will trust you don't have the ability to adhere to basic guidelines appropriately. Henceforth, it's vital that you take a gander at the simple school exposition designing rules, which are given beneath. Attempt to recall, an affirmation paper test might be a decent method to discover progressively about the composing methodology and comprehend the undertaking better. </p> <h2> Fsu College Essay Samples Explained</h2> <p>It is the wrong way to move toward the paper. Your paper ought to be one of a kind to you. 1 significant thing that you should do when composing your exposition is to assist it with getting individual. Stephen's paper is very viable. </p> <p>A run of the mill exposition has different data that is frequently situated at explicit pieces of the paper. At the point when you think about it, an exposition really responds to questions a peruser may inquire. To think about a predominant piece of composing, one should be make an extraordinary presentation since it is the absolute first thing a peruser peruses after the subject of the war paper. Thusly, you'll see it less complex to structure the substance of your exposition. </p> <p>Thus, papers have come to be an indivisible bit of scholastics. The better piece of the article uses standard English and English language. So you don't really need to get a point! When composing articles, it's easy to float away from the subject and go unique. </p> <h2> Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Fsu College Essay Samples Is Wrong</h2> <p>You may simply expound on your extracurricular interests. The recommender should have the option to converse with your capacity to be effective in our program and your enthusiasm for narrating. Universities need a sentiment of development and introspectionpinpoint the change and exhibit your private growth.</p>

How to Use Social Networking to Look at College Essay Research

<h1>How to Use Social Networking to Look at College Essay Research</h1><p>College paper composing and how to utilize long range interpersonal communication apparatuses can be an overwhelming undertaking on the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea what to do or how to utilize the devices appropriately. The article beneath contains an exceptionally basic bit by bit procedure to utilizing long range interpersonal communication to compose your school paper. I have likewise incorporated a case of an exposition that utilizes this process.</p><p></p><p>Your school paper ought to be composed utilizing your article point as a guide. Along these lines, on the off chance that you have ever taken an unknown dialect class you will realize that the teacher will request that you read a content from your point and compose an exposition on what the content methods and where it is driving. Presently, you may think that its fascinating to realize th at pretty much every understudy who has ever endured a talk on an unknown dialect will invest some energy in the article in a kind of bit by bit examine stage taking a gander at applicable records to give their paper a persuading quality.</p><p></p><p>What is intriguing is that utilizing long range interpersonal communication to take a gander at the web can assist you with composing an effective school exposition. At the end of the day, you are not constrained to utilizing scholastic hotspots for your exploration. It might be conceivable to utilize some close to home papers or old articles to give your exposition a bona fide feel. There are approaches to examine a few records on the web and the most ideal approach to start your exploration is to join a gathering that centers around a particular topic.</p><p></p><p>After joining a discussion you should utilize the essential web index to search for posts on the gathering and visit the pa ges that are applicable to your subject. On the off chance that you can check out a portion of the subjects that different individuals from the gathering are examining, you ought to consider getting included and perusing the important online journals that they post to.</p><p></p><p>You can utilize sites to assist you with taking a gander at the scholastic composition on a school paper. One method of doing this is to go to the main three web journals for the watchwords that you have picked upfrom the web search tool and read the initial scarcely any posts. This should give you a thought of what the journalists are discussing and how great they are at introducing their ideas.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you ought to recollect when you are taking a gander at sites for data for your school paper is that a large portion of them will have no adverts that will permit you to make a buy toward the finish of the post. This implies on the off chance that you need to help the blog writers you can basically give them a vote by remarking on their posts.</p><p></p><p>This is perhaps the most ideal approaches to do unique research and get the information you have to compose an article. Obviously, in the event that you are utilizing the bloggers as a major aspect of your examination, at that point remember to watch that they continue posting refreshes. This will likewise assist you with getting a thought of what transforms they are making and what new things they might be thinking of.</p><p></p><p>The reason for this article is to assist you with utilizing web journals and discussions as an exploration instrument for your school exposition. Utilizing these assets will permit you to acquire information about the subject of your exposition, expanding your odds of composing an effective one.</p>

How Dreams Affect Our Personalities - 1465 Words

How dreams affect our personalities Introduction to Psychology By: Spencer Young Abstract What happens at night when we enter what is called rapid eye movement or rem is called dreaming. What happens when we dream our brain tries to deal with what we’ve done throughout the day. It does this in the form of a dream. What happens when we wake up out of the dream? Does it affect us during the day? Dreams have been found to shape us in ways that is almost unnoticeable to us. How dreams may affect our personalities, and our social life. There are many different types of dreams that people can have during the night. â€Å"A lot of people don’t pay attention to their dreams and are unaware of the impact they have on their state of†¦show more content†¦Some of the different interpretations of dreams include the following but are not limited to. Dreaming about spiders is a often call sign that your brain thinks that you’re being manipulated or are manipulating others around you. A dream about being chased normally means that you’re running form either a person or an idea. A dream about being lost can denote that you have anxiety. According to dream psychologist Ian Wallace dreams are what our brain interprets from our unconscious experiences throughout the day and tries to sort through them. Dreams are often the most authentic expression of the metaphors and symbols that we create to help make sense of our lives (Williams). According Ian Wallace a dream psychologist the reason why we dream is to keep in touch with what we want to do with our lives. Wallace says that when we dream it is our mind trying to collect and connect who we are subconsciously and bring that to our consciousness. Often when people dream they dismiss it as just something useless that happens every night but psychologist Ian Wallace says that they have been the inspiration for some of our most significant technological and cultural advances. The Theory of Relativity originated from a dream that Albert Einstein experienced where he dreamt that he was sledging down a snow covered hillside on a beam of starlight (Wallace). Dreaming is an important part of everyone s emotional well being. When we create the dream imagery in our head we

Get Free Traffic To Your Website Using Article Writing Services

<h1>Get Free Traffic To Your Website Using Article Writing Services</h1><p>Article composing administrations are an incredible method to get free traffic to your site. This is an incredible method to get the word out about your new business, data item online.</p><p></p><p>The first thing you need to do is pick an article composing administration that offers free articles all the time. There are many article composing administrations that will let you have full authority over the substance, content configuration and how they distribute your article on the web. There are many article journalists who work with article composing services.</p><p></p><p>The kind of articles that you need to post to your site relies upon the sort of composing administration you pick. Some article composing administrations are outfitted towards general articles, while others can be increasingly centered around certain topics.</p><p> ;</p><p>Some article administrations will request installment to post an article on their site. More often than not, the article essayist has elite rights to distribute an article on the site. There are likewise those article composing administrations that offer free backlinks to your site. Your site will get a high volume of guests who are searching for data identified with the theme you decide to compose about.</p><p></p><p>When you pick an essayist, ensure you comprehend what they will be approached to compose. Ensure you solicit them what kind from subjects they are keen on expounding on. You ought to likewise inquire as to whether they will have the option to get their substance to show up on other websites.</p><p></p><p>Choose an article author that has understanding. Not every one of them have a similar capacity to compose a quality article. It is significant that you select an article author who has experience compo sing and distributing articles.</p><p></p><p>When you utilize an article composing administration, you won't just have articles on your site. You will likewise have backlinks highlighting your site, making it a lot simpler for your site to have top internet searcher rankings.</p>

The Leaked Secrets to Writing 5th Grade English Essay Samples Disclosed

<h1> The Leaked Secrets to Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples Disclosed</h1> <p>Utilise the guide of our administration and don't worry about how you complete the school. By the end of the schedule year, our understudies ought to be able to appraise their own lives and have the option to develop their own arrangement to help decline their negative impact on the environmental factors. Start with moderate talking speed and improve your speed after some time as you gain more advancement step by step. The most critical thing you wish to forestall the day of the test is being amazed by methods for an inquiry you haven't seen previously. </p> <h2>Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples for Dummies </h2> <p>Fifth grade is regularly viewed as a significant period for an understudy's improvement in for all intents and purposes all aspects of training. Understudies will rate the outcomes of assorted variety locally and world and will set aside some effort to explain how occasions in 1 piece of the planet may influences different countries, networks, and people from some different parts of the world. While we comprehend that not every person might be phenomenal understudy for the explanation that it requires information, continuance, persistence and a lot of exertion. Never be satisfied with your advancement. </p> <p>Paragraph composing worksheets are perfect for third graders. 10-multi year-old fifth graders are anticipated so as to arrange their thoughts and structure sentences well. Utilizing cheat sheets is a regular way to learn new words. 6th Grade is when understudies should have the option to develop sentences autonomously, underwrite and intersperse, and at times even graph basic sentences. </p> <p>Don't overlook that the cutoff time of the past advance should fall two or three days before the last cutoff time so you can without much of a stretch change, alter, reevaluate, and right your p iece of composing and can make some last modifications. Understudies need to see how to create enticing essaysthis ability is basic since it is regularly tried. Look for help and remain in the hour absolutely liberated from your undertakings. Thusly, esteem your time and enjoy the preparation. </p> <h2> The War Against Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples</h2> <p>TEA offers test arrangements to help extend your perception of the rubric and the wide scope of approaches that understudies may take while reacting to a TAKS brief. Learning new words can be an issue of fun however you need to adhere to some viable techniques to learn new words quicker. Regularly, understudies are befuddled about how to structure their article. Audit what your understudies have held and build up any subjects in which they may require more investigation using self-evaluation tests in each and every exercise. </p> <p>Inside this segment you'll discover tests of papers having a place with various exposition types and habits of designing. Proof recorded as a hard copy works the very same way. Together with the UK Essay Help students can't get stressed over the time however thoroughly enjoy a total life. How might you make an incredible contentious article. </p> <h2> Ok, I Think I Understand Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples! </h2> <p>Besides utilizing a cell application, you can buy and utilize an awesome bilingual word reference. You can at any rate introduce a solitary application and begin rehearsing. You can start with free applications. A cell application is a somewhat helpful and valuable issue to learn at your advantageous second. </p> <h2>What Has to be Done About Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples </h2> <p>These books make it far more straightforward to learn in light of the fact that these books incorporate a total assortment of words that is fitting for your level. Figuring out how to peruse is one specific thing, perusing to learn opens the whole world. This title will get somebody who might want to learn. You will discover loads of new words that you need to learn in books and artistic works. </p> <h2> The Upside to Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples </h2> <p>I need to state I am intrigued with the bore and clearness of the projects and the breathtaking arrangements of additional challenges. Remember that intelligibility isn't a proportion of composing quality. A comparison is a way to look at two particular things utilizing the associating words like or as to have the option to make an interesting association in the perusers mind. In your note portray the specific blessing giving clear specifics.</p> <p>Lessons are introduced consecutively, gaining it easy to ground through the entire cour se. Understudies will figure out how to perceive physical and mental advantages coming about because of keeping a truly dynamic lifestyle. Recommendations to Simplify Fractions! </p> <h2> What Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not </h2> <p>An brilliant bilingual word reference is constantly an incredible venture for singular improvement. In case you're not content with your own articulation, continue rehearsing and your English elocution will surely improve. The definitions educated to understudies in for all intents and purposes all the subjects, directions given to them, notwithstanding the other fundamental and fixed sorts of composed explanations all are focused at honing their aptitudes inside this specific kind of composing. Attempt to have a fair bilingual word reference for more prominent comprehension. </p> <p>A tutor will have the option to assist you with guiding in the right heading. It is basic in this stage our understudies have an improving handle of parts for what it's worth among the most basic standards for a wide range of science. My understudies need to perform and carry on in a manner that shows greatness. Have your understudies work on utilizing metaphor to upgrade their experimental writing abilities.</p> <h2>The Downside Risk of Writing fifth Grade English Essay Samples </h2> <p>At whenever you commit an error, you should think how you can keep this misstep from next second. On the off chance that you are certain that you find a solid explanation a solution can't be right, at that point your on an amazing track to fix the inquiry effectively. In the event that you misconstrue the inquiry, all things considered, you will pick the mistaken answer. Take as much time as is needed to fathom the inquiry and that which you need to discover. </p&g t;

APUSH Essay Samples and Example Questions and Answers

APUSH Essay Samples and Example Questions and AnswersAPUSH Essay samples and essay examples are very helpful in teaching students how to write academic papers. They are also very effective in helping students to make sure that their papers are on par with other papers that are accepted by academic institutions.The use of these samples and examples are excellent resources for professors as well as students. Professors will be able to ensure that their students are following the correct course of study, by using APUSH academic essay samples and examples. A professor can use these guides to determine if a student is doing what they should or is just making up things on the fly, which would be a major distraction.Students can use them in their tests as well. They can use the guidelines and examples to ensure that their test answers are correct. It is important for students to ensure that their test answers are on par with others that have been accepted by various institutions so that the y can get credit for their work, which is what APUSH provides.APUSH is an excellent resource for teachers and students. It is a free educational program that has been used by hundreds of thousands of students from all over the world. It is important for students to understand the importance of APUSH, as it is very much beneficial for everyone involved.APUSH Essay samples and example questions and answers are essential in helping students to learn how to write essays. This is not only important for them to become good writers, but it is also vital for them to understand how to be honest and objective.Students must be able to remember key information when they read these examples and example questions and answers. It is also important for them to be able to find the answers in a short amount of time. Without knowing these basics, students will not be able to do this.Students must be able to use these guide examples and guides properly. A student cannot use them without doing anything wrong, so it is vital that they know how to use them correctly. It is also important for them to make sure that they read the manual before they start writing their own papers, to ensure that they follow the guides and guidelines exactly.Students must also read the manual thoroughly and make sure that they understand each and every section. There are times that students need to refer to certain sections because of inconsistencies or there are times when some parts need to be emphasized. Reading through the manual thoroughly, will help students avoid doing this.

The Incarceration System During The United States

Our incarceration system once pursued two firm yet opposing goals: retribution and rehabilitation. The Age of Enlightenment spurred an influx of imprisonment ideologies that soon congealed into a justifiable approach towards criminals. Jails, workhouses, and prisons aimed to reintegrate lawbreakers back into society but not before they were punished. The precarious balance between such contradictory motives unfortunately proved impossible. When did this system, once considered virtuous and just, become the hallmark of inequality? On September 27th, 2015, Pope Francis reflected upon this fact during a visit to a Philadelphia jail, â€Å"It is painful when we see prison systems, which are not concerned to care for wounds, to soothe pain, to offer new possibilities.† This moving sentiment resonated with the American population, the majority failing to realize that one third of the world s female prison population is incarcerated in the United States. If the magnitude of that figu re does not astound you, maybe the fact that every 1 in 15 American prisoners are black, while only 1 in 106 prisoners are white, will. These statistics, reported by Harper’s Index, quantify the blatant corruption of the American incarceration system and the institutionalized racism America has sustained throughout it’s short life in places where we may not have suspected. Since the inception of the United States, the government has had one definitive purpose: to protect the people’s rights to life,Show MoreRelatedLegislation and Incarceration in United States956 Words   |  4 PagesLegislation and Incarceration (Order #A2068178) The incarceration rate in the United States has steadily risen since 1973, and Franklin Zimring has examined the relationship between penal legislation and the incarceration rate. He has discovered three distinct periods which demonstrate three differences in the way legislation effects penal practices. During the first period in which there was a major rise in incarceration rates, 1973-1985, Zimring asserted that there was no relationship betweenRead MorePositive And Negative Impacts Of The Correctional System1514 Words   |  7 PagesFord Valdosta State University â€Æ' Introduction The correctional system as a whole has a significant impact on the United States. From policy, incarceration, sexual victimization, and those who oversee correctional facilities it all takes a toll on the country. Simply stated, it is the butterfly effect seen in action. When one decision, action, or lack thereof is implemented there will either be positive or negative consequences. Statistics encompassing sexual victimization, incarceration rates in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Mandatory Sentencing On The United States Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States prison population has grown seven-fold over the past forty years, and many Americans today tend to believe that the high levels of incarceration in our country stem from factors such as racism, socioeconomic differences, and drugs. While these factors have contributed to the incarceration rate present in our country today, I argue that the most important reason our country has such a high incarceration rate is the policy changes that have occurred since the 1970s. During this timeRead MoreUnited States Prisons And Prisons1052 Words   |  5 Pageschapters. Chapter 5 the Court System, Chapter 6 Jails and Prisons, Chapter 7 Probation and Parole, and Chapter 8 the Juvenile Justices System. This being a hard choice to narrow these four topics down to one I have decided to discuss Chapter 6 Jails and Prisons. Jails and Prisons Jails and Prisons have no discrimination at all. You have all different kinds of people locked up behind bars different race, gender, beliefs, etc. They were first intended for incarceration of prisoners in Colonial AmericaRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 PagesYasir Choudhury Dr. Joà £o Vargas UGS 303 Mass Incarceration 5 October 2015 American Incarceration: Where We Are, and What Can be Done From its early inception as a necessary aspect of modern society to its broken state that can be seen today, the American penal system has changed radically in recent history from an institution that performed the duty of safeguarding the public from those too dangerous to be left unsupervised to a business model concerned more with generating a profit for shareholdersRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreMass Incarceration In Mich elle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were state and local laws that reinforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s (Urofsky). The laws mandated segregation of schools, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal theory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacksRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States has not remained the same over time since its creation. Racism has shifted, changed, and shaped into unrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color blindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is anRead MoreThe United States Incarceration System1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States incarceration system is a structural foundation of punishment in which is formed by robust authoritarian power. The United States criminal justice system is not an institution to be underestimated, as it represents the highest incarceration rate of all world nations at a staggering 700 inmates per 100 thousand citizens (Krisberg, 7). Based on the social and political structure of democracy in the United States, it is argued that incarceration systems should follow the same rootsRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison population

Mentally disturbed Aiko

Mentally disturbed Aiko-sama of the Yano family Essay Mentally disturbed Aiko-sama of the Yano family Anguish of the family taking care of the beloved soul hovering between two worlds. A bunch of camellias Early one morning in the winter of 2003, there was a cry for help from my daughter, who was upstairs. Mother! Help me, Mother! I rushed upstairs with an uneasy premonition, my heart pounding. What I found there was a lavatory bowl full of used tissues. The culprit was standing by the bowl, looking puzzled, as if to wonder who had done such a naughty deed. She said, Someone came here, and put a bunch of camellias into this bowl, while peering worriedly into it. I do wonder who has done this! I could not blame her. I went downstairs to fetch disposable gloves and a bag, with my eyes dimmed with tears. A couple of days before, I had had an interview with a judge from the city care agency to evaluate the level of the home care services my Mother needed. I took a photograph of this situation so that it could be used to help determine such a level later. Almost in the same hour the next morning, I had to rush upstairs for the same reason. By the end of the day we had placed a sign indicating, This toilet is out of order! , on the door of the toilet. Instead, a bedside toilet was installed with a restricted amount of paper. Because of her failing memory, Mother wipes herself as long as there are tissues, forgetting that she has already done so. Several days ago she broke the disposable toilet bag into small pieces and scattered them all over the floor. As the bag was made of polymer composition, her clothes, the floor, bedding, and everything else in her room became crunchy and sticky. I called my sister, who lives in the immediate neighbourhood, for help. She soon came to my assistance, but it took hours to clean the room, and to clean Motherquot;s body. This kind of event never happens in daytime when helpers are at home. This might be another proof that famous Murphyquot;s Law is correct. The development of Motherquot;s symptoms of mental disturbance went from bad to worse. I used to ask a helper to come and take care of her while she was having her meals. One evening, a helper came to me, saying, Aiko-sama is calling you. When I went upstairs to see her, she asked me, Are you the person who is always looking after me? The helper and I looked at each other involuntarily, not knowing what she was trying to say and I couldnquot;t understand. Mother also complained that I didnquot;t give her a sleeping pill last night. She said she could not sleep well at night. This is not true; in fact, I never forget to give her a sleeping pill and to massage her shoulders and back, saying good night, before turning down the light in her room. Around that time, Motherquot;s behaviour began to ruin the health of the family, especially that of my daughter. As I had already been suffering from arrhythmia and had been taking medicine to be able to get to another world after having looked after Mother, I had been taking sleeping pills to help me to sleep deeply for a short period. While I was asleep, my daughter used to take care of Mother upstairs, and wake me up when necessary. However, Mother started suffering from sleeplessness, moving around in the room during the night. My daughter finally became immuno-suppressed and suffering from various complaints. I consulted Motherquot;s doctor about her condition and asked for a stronger pill to make my mother sleep at night. He said that he could prescribe stronger pills, but that we should not expect them to work, because, mentally disturbed people often didnquot;t respond to those drugs. My sister had already concealed a calling bell under the carpet, and I periodically went upstairs to see what Mother was doing. There were no other options open to us. Mother did not respond to the new pills as expected. She had undergone surgery for breast cancer five year ago, and shortly afterward, she had been affected by an even greater shock when our eldest brother died from stomach cancer, after his surgery had been rejected. Since that time, Mother had been suffering from a very severe trigeminal neuralgia. Soon, she had to have a trigeminal rhizotomy. Meanwhile, she had suffered many other problems, including severe haemorrhoids, diverticulitis and herpes infections. This made her unable to eat ordinary food, and she began to live on fluid meals. One Saturday afternoon, quite unexpectedly, she was suffering from an acute abdomen so I took her to a local hospital. She was diagnosed as having peritonitis and immediately taken into hospital. There was no shared ward available at that time, so she was accommodated in the best single room of the hospital. However, I soon noticed that her nurse had long red manicured nails, and moreover a shower facility in the room worked only a couple of days a week. Motherquot;s condition improved very rapidly, but, for a long period, there was almost no information about Motherquot;s medical condition from the doctor in charge. The doctor insisted that Motherquot;s abdomen was still full of pus. The hospital was fortunately very near to Funabashi Station on the Keisei Line, so my brother often made a stop there on his way home from his office. My sisters-in-law also helped me a lot, taking turns with each other to visit Mother. The doctor explained that the drug he had prescribed had performed a miracle and Mother would recover without any complications. However, we felt we had wasted too much money doing this. When Mother had acute recurrent symptoms several months later, I had no hesitation in taking her to another hospital to ask for help. Around this time, Mother began to show a strange behaviour pattern. She cut the tube of fluid delivery system with scissors, and become disorientated. She was consequently restricted in her movements, was bound with a belt to the bed during the night or to the wheel chair in the daytime. Her stamina was astonishing, and she was released from the hospital a month later. However, she had begun to show a sign that her departure was nearing with saliva dribbling from her mouth all the time. Cutting a large piece of absorbent gauze into small pieces became her only pastime, and it looked as if she was doing this in a threatening way. An agonising decision All the family buckled down to take care of Mother, with the round-the-clock assistance of many helpers. However, the number of disturbing calls to my brother or sister to complain about the current situation increased day by day, and this could have bothered them a lot. But they soon sympathized with me, and agreed to put Mother into a nursing facility. We started to find an appropriate facility for Mother with the help of a care manager, responsible for making such arrangements. As Mother has a specific digestive ailment, we had to find a hospital-type care centre. Both my friends and helpers gave me information concerning such facilities, but, some were too far away, and others too expensive. My sister made a call by chance to a nearby hospital and asked whether they could accept our mother. They replied that we would have to arrange an interview with the hospital staff first, adding that it would cost about ÂÂ ¥800,000 a month, including one-tenth of which must be paid by Mother as a recipient of services. At this point my brother stated that he must take the situation seriously now. He said that we should wait one more month, after which he would find a suitable place by one means or another. I told him that there was no time to lose and that this was a real cry for help from us. So, under the circumstances, there was no other way but to apply for an interview with the care facility. As a result, I met the staff of the hospital together with my husband and my sister. They informed us that they could offer a better price, in view of our situation, stating furthermore that the present state of affairs was very understandable and that, to prevent the condition of the family from getting worse, they would consider whether they could accept Mother soon. The room charge might furthermore be reduced by 50%. We considered this to be a most acceptable price, and completed the application form at once although we did not understand the whole system was all about. Diabetes EssayHowever, I was relieved to know that Mother had begun sleeping in the bed. I would have liked the room charge to be less expensive in view of this situation, and exchanged glances with my husband in a somewhat humourless smile. Shortly after that time, Aiko-sama awoke from her sleep, and clung on to me desperately. Letquot;s go, letquot;s go downstairs, she kept saying. She likes going by lift. A special PIN number is required to operate the lift but Aiko-sama had been playing naughty tricks, by mingling with a crowd of hospital visitors when the lift door opened. They had discovered her in various places in the hospital. The nurse said that it was fortunate she had not gone outside the hospital. She was sometimes naughty on the 4th floor. There is a sign, which says, press here on the button of the fire alarm box and she probably often pushed the button to sound a siren. Hospital should be aware that those who belong to the category of Aiko-sama like to follow written instructions. I would like to suggest that the sign on the button should say do not press especially for the patients on the 4th floor. One day, a doctor responsible for Mother told us that we should not waver between hope one minute and despair the next as regards the condition of Mother. We should understand that she is not living in this world any more. He warned us that otherwise, we would run the risk of contracting a stomach ulcer. His phrase burned into my brain. About that time, it was necessary to decide the level of care needed by Mother. The previous night, the judge had called me because she wanted to confirm something in advance. I answered various questions she asked me, and told her I would be waiting for her at the hospital the next day. On the day of evaluation, I was waiting for the judge with my husband in Motherquot;s room. She came in. Good afternoon. Are you Aikosamaquot;s husband? She asked to my husband. If this were true, my husband Koki should be over 100 years old by then. I was furious with the judge. This is MY husband! For the family of the mentally disturbed patient, a lower level judgement is beneficial, because one-tenth of the insurance burden would be less. However, this is clearly not profitable for hospitals. This system is very difficult to understand for us because it is much too complicated. Anyway, I told the judge that Mother had developed delusions the other day, and explained to her that she had said that two children were playing on her palm, and the doctor had operated on her hand. Mother also said that the operation was unsuccessful, and she has problems in her hands. The judge said that Motherquot;s condition was not so terrible. Within the day, I made a call to the Town Hall, complaining that the nursing-care manager was not aptitude for her work. Evaluation of Motherquot;s level remained the same as before at level 5. Cherry-blossom season The season for cherry-blossom viewing had come. I donquot;t know who told Mother that she would be taken to see the cherry-blossoms, but her usual request Letquot;s go downstairs changed to Letquot;s go out to see the cherry-blossoms. This could maybe have been her last chance to see them. For this reason I wanted to take her out, so one Saturday afternoon, I drove to the hospital with my husband, daughter, and my dog Kona. I asked the nurse whether I could take Mother out to see the cherry-blossoms for a while by car. She said that she would get permission from her doctor. We waited for this in Motherquot;s room. Half an hour passed, then the nurse came in seemingly irritated and said that she had been unable to contact the doctor, but that she would assume full responsibility. We took Mother out of the hospital and drove to a near-by driveway full of cherry trees. Kona remembered Mother and licked her hands. Mother also remembered Kona, and fondled the dog in the car. Whenever asked where Mother is, Kona would always go upstairs to look in the bathroom to find Mother. When Mother was at home, she used to spend most of the day there, so we cannot blame Kona for going to the bathroom to find her. Mother viewed the cherry-blossoms from the car window and whispered to herself many times, Beautiful! Beautiful! The weather was fine and we could not ask for anything more, but the windscreen seemed like a frosted glass to me. When we returned to the hospital, Mother couldnquot;t remember anything, and said, Letquot;s go out to see the cherry-blossoms. During the week, my sister took her out to see the flowers, and my brother drove her to the near-by park to see the cherry trees. Mother must have spent a pleasant week with the family seeing beautiful flowers. A few weeks later, I asked Mother what month it was then. She said she didnquot;t know. It would soon be May. As soon as I told her that, she said, Well, itquot;s the season for cherry-blossoms. Letquot;s go out and see them. Until then I had heard that taking care of mentally disturbed persons is a terrible and hard job to do. However, as Mother was able to celebrate the special occasion of her eighty-eighth birthday without any problems, I have never imagined that she suffers from such an acute dementia like this. Memory disturbance is really a strange symptom. In Motherquot;s brain, there is space for the past memories of many years ago, which come and go, but there is no space for immediate memories. She lives only at this very moment. The dot memory will never be connected to the past lines. In some sense, the family has been be saved by her symptoms, but despite this we feel very sorry about it. It was only a couple of times when Mother waved her hands saying Good bye to us when we left the hospital. At present, it is very hard to find any opportunity of leaving the hospital. Mother forgets that she went out for a walk, got on a bus to the near-by station, and asks again to do the same thing. My brother has been as patient as a saint. He takes Mother downstairs so many times until Mother gets tired and has a lie-down in the bed. Can you recognise me, Mother? Hamako? No, I am not Hamako. She seldom remembers the name of Kazuko, however, when she called my name by a miracle, I cannot help bursting into tears, and hugging her. In our house, there is a bathroom upstairs and Motherquot;s room is opposite. Every night, when I take a bath, having finished all the household jobs, I feel an indescribable sadness, finding the light of the room off all the time. I wish I could bring Mother home once more. However, I always feel myself on the horns of a dilemma. If she felt homesick, it would be a terrible pity for her. As if she had been expecting the situation that has meanwhile arisen, she called me to her bedside when she was at home. It was shortly before she became severely mentally disturbed. Kazuko, remember here are my clothes to wear when I cross the Acheron, the river of the underworld and a special coin to pay for the ferry boat. Please never forget they are here. She told me many times about this emphatically. Having been asked to look after her affairs when she is gone, it is more than I can bear to see her becoming thinner and thinner day by day. I have to prepare for that day when she flies away for eternity and comes home. May such a day be as faraway as possible.